Ming-Qing Documents

Dynastic histories, chronicles, and fanglüe

Dynastic histories W 49.3

Qingshigao 清史稿. Beijing: Guoshiguan, 1927 (officially published 1928). Mukden, 1937; second printing by Jin Liang, with corrected mulu. Modern editions include Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976-77, in 48 vols., and a reduced-format 4 vol. edition (also from Zhonghua) in 1997. W 66.3.5

The task of compiling the history of a dynasty was a sacred duty that traditionally fell to the officials of the dynasty that next assumed power. In the case of the Qing, the new “dynasty” was of course the government of the Republic of China, which established a Qing History Bureau (Qingshiguan 清史館) in 1914. The Qingshiguan staff was large, consisting of 66 scholars (most of them Qing loyalists) and 400 clerks, but work was poorly funded, editorial opinions frequently clashed, and the project dragged on for years. When in 1927 it appeared certain that the KMT (which opposed the work in principle) would take control of Beiping, the general editor, Zhao Erxun, ordered publication of the draft in the state it was in at the time – hence the gao 稿 in the title. Not surprisingly, this edition included many, many mistakes (most have been corrected in later revisions, re-editions, and numerous supplementary works). For all its flaws, it remains a basic source for Qing history and a good starting point for many projects. It is available in digital, searchable form in the Hanji dianzi wenxian ziliao ku 漢籍電子文獻資料庫 (known informally as the "Handian"), as well as on C-Text. More details on Qing Shigao see below. 

NOTE: Beginning in 2002, a national team of scholars led by Dai Yi 戴逸 (Qing History Institute, People's University) began work on a massive new authoritative history of the Qing. The "National Qing History Project" 國家清史工程, as it is called, is scheduled to last ten years and is certain to make major contributions to the historiography of the Qing. As of 2015, however, while many translations, source collections, etc., have been published, no volumes of the history itself have appeared. It is tempting to see the QHP not just as a revision of the Qingshi gao (which in some ways it is) but also as an attempt by the PRC to produce its own "dynastic history" of the Qing (the QHP is generously funded directly by the State Council 國務院). The background and scope of the project are the subject of an article by Zhao Ma, "Research Trends in Asia: 'Writing History during a Prosperous Age': The New Qing History Project," in the June 2008 issue of Late Imperial China.

Qing shi 清史. 8 vols Taiwan, 1961. W 66.3.7

Despite the more authoritative-sounding title, this work, produced by scholars working in Taiwan in the 1950s, is essentially a slightly altered, punctuated version of the Qingshigao. Because it was redacted to conform to the Nationalist interpretation of the events leading up to 1911 (publication coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the ROC), it is especially untrustworthy for work on the late Qing period. But that also means it would be an excellent source to turn to if one were working on mid-20th c. KMT historiography.

Qingshigao jiaozhu 清史稿校註. 15 vols. Taipei: 1986. Re-issued in 1999.

The editors left the text in its original state, but added both punctuation and notes at places in the text in which discrepancies have been found. Vol. 16 includes an index to personal and place names. Volumes are numbered in an unbroken sequence, facilitating searching.

Qing Shigao ("Draft History of the Qing Dynasty")

Editions and Discrepancies:

The compilers properly called this a "draft" because it was published in 1928 in haste, without official sanction and with numerous errors, and was banned by the Nanjing government for its treatment of anti-dynastic movements. While QSG was set up in type only once, its table of contents (mu-lu) was set up at least twice – at Beijing in 1928 with errors (because the mu-lu was printed before the text) and at Mukden, more accurately, in 1937. Moreover, after the original Beijing edition was issued in 1928, a second version of this same edition was put out in Mukden in the same year, with minor differences. Still other variations crept into the various versions or reprints.

Zhang Qi-yun 張其昀, et al., eds., Qing-shi 清史 (History of the Qing Dynasty; Taipei: National Defense Research Institute, 1962; 8 vols., 6277 pp. + 392 pp. of indices) is a somewhat revised reprint of QSG. It adds biographies of certain rebels and revolutionists, revising the political epithets applied to them, and makes various other changes without fundamentally altering the original, much less correcting all its errors. It is unfortunately full of typographical errors. However, it is punctuated and has an index of persons (344 pp.).

The most recent edition of the QSG, under the original title (Beijing, Zhong-hua shu-ju, 1977; 48 vols., 14,740 pp.), is based on the 1937 Mukden edition, but includes notes on discrepancies among the three early editions. Despite some cosmetic changes and minor corrections, it essentially adheres to the original text. The edition is punctuated and easy to use, but lacks an index.

As a result of the above confusion, QSG has fascinated bibliographers, given historians nightmares, and produced a copious literature. For a study citing 22 previous books and articles, see Thurston Griggs, "The Ch'ing Shih Kao: A Bibliographical Summary," HJAS, 18.1-2 (June 1955) 105-123.

Before using a copy, you had better find out which version it is, especially whether the mu-lu is faulty or not. The Harvard-Yenching Index No.9 (Qing Dynasty Biographies, Reference Notes 2.2, above) is based on the faulty mu-lu of the 1928 versions. Thus in using this index for the 1937 or the 1977 editions, for instance, you must subtract 6 from juan numbers before QSG juan 489, and subtract 5 from juan numbers thereafter.

Despite these many faults of form and content, the fact remains that it took fourteen years to compile QSG from imperial sources, at least sixty scholars worked on it, it contains some matter not to be found in the Qing shi-lu, and there is no comparable work for the period. QSG may be used as a finding-index to more complete materials elsewhere, especially QSL. But as Fang Zhao-ying points out, errors in dating are so frequent that you should check any important date or fact in QSG against sources. (Professor Otake Fumio 小竹文夫 has published a list of almost 1200 textual errors: "Shinshiko seigohyo" Shina kenkyû, 48 (Dec. 1948) 123-152.

Structure and Formal Content: 

a. 本紀 ben-ji (basic annals), 25 ch. These are a chronicle of the court, and of government business directed from the capital. The order is strictly chronological with a date given for each entry (except for tribute missions). Under each date a categorical order or material is followed (see C.S. Gardner, Chinese Traditional Historiography, pp. 97-99).

b. 志 zhi (essays, treatises, or monographs), 142 ch. See the list below where you will note that they are arranged under 16 headings. For a comparison of the zhisections of the Shi-ji, Hou-Han-shu, and QSG, see H.H. Dubs, "The Reliability of Chinese Histories," Far Eastern Quarterly, 6.1:23-43 (Nov. 1946), chart on p. 24.

c. 表 biao (tables), total 53 ch., 10 tables. See list below.

d. 傳 zhuan (biographies or memoirs), total 316 ch. with biographies of more than 2400 persons, arranged chronologically within categories of persons, mainly that of officials. Generally the best way to approach material in this section is through the Harvard-Yenching Index No.9. Note that some of the final juan are not biographical – e.g., the last category is "tribute states."

A List of Zhi (Essays, Treatises, or Monographs):

a. 天文志 Tian-wen zhi (Essay on astronomy), 14 ch. (26-39-). There is a table of contents at the beginning of the essay.

b. 災異志 Zai-yi zhi (Essay on calamities and prodigies), 5 ch. (40-44). No table of contents, but headings at the beginning of each juan; arranged chronologically.

c. 時憲志 Shi-xian zhi (Essay on the calendar), 16 ch. (45-60). No table of contents, but headings at the beginning of each juan.

d. 地理志 Di-li zhi (Essay on geography), 28 ch. (61-68-). Divided by provinces and territories, all listed in the mu-lu except for ch. 88 on Chahar.

e. 禮志 Li zhi (Essay on ritual), 12 ch. (89-100). The division is categorical: ji (good omens), jia (weddings), jun (military ceremonies), bin (rites of hospitality), xiong(funerals).

f. 樂志 Yue zhi (Essay on music), 8 ch. (101-108)

g. 輿服志 Yu-fu zhi (Essay on sumptuary regulations), 4 ch. (109-112). Regulations on "carriages and clothing" of members of the court.

h. 選舉志 Xuan-ju zhi (Essay on examinations and appointments to office), 8 ch. (113-120).Divided in the mu-lu as:

學校 xue-xiao (schools)
文科 wen-ke (civil examinations)
武科 wu-ke (military examinations)
制科 zhi-ke (special examinations by imperial grace)
薦擢 jian-zhuo (appointment by recommendation)
封蔭 feng-yin (conferral of honors)
推選 tui-xuan (appointment by recommendation to the Board of Civil Office)
考績 kao-ji (evaluation of serving officials)
捐納 juan-na (purchase of rank of office)
新選舉 xin xuan-ju (elections under the late Qing proto-constitutional system)

i. 職官志 Zhi-guan zhi (Essay on the official system), 6 ch. (121-126). Detailed breakdown at beginning of each juan.

j. 食貨志 Shi-huo zhi (Essay on food and commodities, i.e. economics), 6 ch (127-133). Sections on:

戶口 hu-kou (population)
田制 tian-zhi (land system)
服役 fu-yi (land and labor taxes)
倉庫 cang-ku (granaries and treasuries)
漕運 cao-yun (transport of tribute-grain)
鹽法 yan-fa (salt)
錢法 qian-fa (currency)
茶法 cha-fa (tea)
礦政 kuang-zheng (mining)
征榷 zheng-que (customs and likin)
會計 kuai-ji (accounting)

k. 河渠志 He-qu zhi (Essay on waterways), 4 ch. (134-136)

黃河 Huang-he (Yellow River)
運河 Yun-he (Grand Canal)
淮河 Huai-he (Huai River)
直省水利 zhi-sheng shui-li (central and provincial water conservancy)

l. 兵志 Bing zhi（Essay on military affairs), 12 ch. (137-148)

八旗 ba-qi (eight banners)
綠營 lü-ying (greeen standard troops, "Army of the Green Standard)
防軍 fang-jun ("defense" I.e., mercenary armies, such as Zeng Guo-fan's Hunan Army)
陸軍 lu-jun (new-style armies, such as Yuan Shi-kai's after 1895)
鄉兵 xiang-bing (local mercenaries)
土兵 tu-bing (militia raised among minority peoples)
水師 shui-shi (old-style water forces)
海軍 hai-jun (modern-style navy)
邊防 bian-fang (border defense)
海防 hai-fang (coastal defense)
訓練 xun-lian (training)
製造 zhi-zao (modern-style arsenals)
馬政 ma-zheng (horse administration)

m. 刑法志 Xing-fa zhi (Essay on criminial and justice), 3 ch. (149-151)

n. 藝文志 Yi-wen zhi (Essay on literature)

經部 jing-bu
史部 shi-bu
子部 zi-bu
集部 ji-bu

o. 交通志 Jiao-tong zhi

鐵路 tie-lu
輪船 lun-chuan
電報 dian-bao
郵政 you-zheng

p. 邦交志 Bang-jiao zhi

A List of Biao 表 (Tables):

1. 皇子世表 Huang-zi shi-biao (Genealogies of sons of the emperors)
2. 公主表 Gong-zhu biao (Princesses)
3. 外戚表 Wai-qi biao (Imperial relatives on the empress's side)
4. 諸臣封爵世表 Zhu-chen feng-jue shi-biao (Officials who received titles of hereditary nobility)
5. 大學士年表 Da-xue-shi nian-biao (Chronological Tables of grand secretaries)
6. 軍機大臣年表 Jun-ji da-chen nian-biao (Chronological Tables of grand councilors)
7. 部院大臣年表 Bu-yuan da-chen nian-biao (Chronological tables of presidents and vice-presidents of the Six Boards)
8. 疆臣年表 Jiang-chen nian-biao (Chronological tables of governors-general and governors)
9. 藩部世表 Fan-bu shi-biao (Genealogies of Monogl princes)
10. 交聘年表 Jiao-pin nian-biao (Tables of exchanges of foreign envoys, by years. Chinese ministers sent abroad from 1875, foreign ministers in Beijing from 1861)

Chronicles

For the Qing period, two types of chronicles (defined here as annalistic 編年體 records compiled for official purposes and not intended for publication) were maintained at court: The Diaries of Activity and Repose (Qijuzhu 起居注) and the Veritable Records (Shilu 實錄). The principal difference between them is that the former were compiled on a daily basis during an emperor’s reign, while the latter were compiled after an emperor’s death by a special bureau (the Shiluguan 實錄館) set up for this purpose. Thus the Qijuzhu, along with various other kinds of documents and records, would form one basis for the later composition of the Shilu. The third chronicle described here, the Donghualu 東華錄, was written by court officials but not for court use.

Diaries of Activity and Repose (Qijuzhu) W 47.2.1, 65.1.2, 66.3.2

As the title suggests, the Diaries of Activity and Repose record the daily activities of the emperor. The custom of keeping such diaries dates from the Han, but appears soon to have lapsed; at least, very few diaries have survived from later dynasties, though there is a complete set from the Wanli reign in the late Ming (see W 47.2.1 and 65.1.2). In the Qing, the practice was resumed in 1671. The previous year, the Kangxi emperor (then still a boy) had created a special office, the Qijuzhuguan, which employed ten Manchus and twelve Chinese from the Hanlin Academy. Thereafter no significant public act of the emperor was carried on without representatives from this bureau, and when formal government business was transacted, four officials had to stand by as auditors and eyewitnesses; upon withdrawal they were supposed to prepare their notes immediately. Each month of the year was represented in one volume (later two volumes), in parallel Manchu and Chinese sets. The order of items for each day was written down in stipulated order: edicts, state papers, memorials, interviews, and other business.

The final set of volumes for each year were actually compiled only in the following year. Preliminary manuscripts were revised in detail with alterations made by the director of the bureau or department of record and then sent to the director of the Hanlin Academy. They were then dated and inscribed with the names of the officials responsible for them. After they had been given prefaces and closing remarks, they were sealed up and deposited in gold coffers, which were in turn locked and sealed. It was from these, traditionally, that the Shilu were composed. A very significant percentage of the Diaries are extant (the collection is divided between Beijing and Taipei), and many of those in Chinese have been published. Their (relatively) unedited nature and detailed contents make them very attractive as historical sources; however, as they are not indexed and (as yet) are not available in searchable form online, their utility is limited except for topics that are fairly strictly defined chronologically.

Kangxi qijuzhu 康熙起居注. 3 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984.

Yongzheng chao qijuzhuce 雍正朝起居注冊. 5 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1993.

Qianlongdi qijuzhu 乾隆帝起居注. 42 vols. Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue, 2002.

Jiaqingdi qijuzhu 嘉慶帝起居注. 22 vols. Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue, 2006.

Qingdai qijuzhuce. Daoguang chao 清代起居注冊.道光朝. 100 vols. Taipei, 1983.

Qingdai qijuzhuce. Xianfeng chao 清代起居注冊.咸豐朝. 57 vols. Taipei, 1983.

Qingdai qijuzhuce. Tongzhichao 清代起居注冊.同治朝. 43 vols. Taipei, 1983.

Qingdai qijuzhuce. Guangxuchao 清代起居注冊.光緒朝. 80 vols. Taipei, 1987.

Veritable Records (Shilu) W 47.2.2, 65.1.1, 66.3.3

Veritable Records were first compiled during the Liang dynasty (502-557 CE) under the title Liang Huangdi shilu. Other Shilu were compiled in subsequent dynasties before the Qing, but with the notable exception of the Ming, virtually all have disappeared. The Qing were quite fastidious about the production of the Shilu for each reign. Upon the death of an emperor, a Shiluguan would be established to undertake the immense job of sifting through all the various sorts of records from the previous reign – which might include not only the imperial diaries, but also all returned palace memorials, court letters, record books of routine memorials, and record books of edicts – and condense it all into a single, continous chronicle. In the process, memorials were commonly abridged, both for length and for content. For this reason, it is incorrect to regard the Shilu as constituting an authentically primary source in the strict sense, much less an archive.

As soon as the final draft of the Shilu was ready (this might take between two and four years), it would be submitted for imperial approval. After this, five sets would be made (these were copied by hand, of course – the Shilu was a confidential source meant for the perusal of the emperor and his trusted servants only, and was never intended for publication). Each set consisted of three series, in Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian. Large red-silk-bound editions were stored in the Huangshicheng 皇史宬 (Imperial Historical Archives), at the Qianqing Palace; these were used by the emperor in his daily reading.  Two more sets were stored in the archives of the Grand Secretariat. A fifth set (minus the Mongolian version) was sent to the secondary capital in Mukden (Shengjing). It was this set that was the basis for the first published edition of the Shilu, which appeared in 1936 in a deluxe photolithograph edition printed in Tokyo but issued by the government of Manchukuo. Now, of course, the Shilu is available to scholars in various printed editions or in a searchable full-text database via the Hanji dianzi wenxian ziliao ku 漢籍電子文獻資料庫 maintained by the Institute of History and Philology 歷史語言研究所 (IHP) at Academia Sinica.

It is worth pointing out that for the very early Qing (i.e., the reigns of Taizu, Taizong, and Shizong), there are several different versions of the Shilu available, each representing different stages of editorial intervention. Care should be taken when using these editions of the Shilu, and research is much aided if at the same time the Manchu editions are consulted. There is an extensive literature on the problems associated with these early sets of the Qing Veritable Records, much of it in Japanese.

Da Qing lichao shilu 大清歷朝實錄. 1,220 vols. Xinjing: Council of State Affairs of the Government of Manchukuo, 1937-38 (but printed in Tokyo). W 50.4

4,485 juan in 122 cases. This is a quarter size reproduction of the punctuated Chinese “large-red-silk bound primary” (da hong ling zhengben) ms. preserved in the former Qing imperial palace in Mudken (Shenyang). This set was later reproduced in Taiwan (Huawen, 1964) in the familiar small-format red volumes.

Qing shilu 清實錄. 60 vols. Zhonghua, 1987. W 50.4

This version of the Shilu is photo-offset from originals in the First Historical Archives, collated with other sets kept in the Beijing University Library, the Palace Museum Library, and the Liaoning Provincial Archives. The editors claim that this edition is superior to the 1936 version, but it is not clear how substantial the differences in fact are.

Qing shilu jingji ziliao jiyao 清實錄經濟資料輯要. Peking, 1959. W 50.4 n 26

Over a thousand pages long, this digest of material pulled from the Shilu by students and scholars of the Nankai University History Department all relates to different aspects of economic history. It is divided into twelve categories including agriculture, modern industries, communications, commerce, foreign trade and tax, etc. These are further divided into many subcategories.

Shunzhi-Jiaqing chao "Qing shi lu" jingjishi ziliao 順治－嘉慶朝《清實錄》經濟史資料. Peking, 2012.

Selections on economic history only from Shunzhi to Jiaqing (1644-1820). This is only one of a score or more of topic- or region-specific compilations of materials taken from the Shilu. The first section on agricultural history was published in 1989. The project was suspended in 1991 and resumed later in 2002. A total of 11 volumes of excerpts of source materials from the veritable records were published in 2012. Volume 1-4 contains selections on agriculture; volume 5-8, state finance; and volume 9-12, commerce and handicraft.

Donghualu 東華錄 W 66.3.4

These chronicles–Donghualu 東華錄. Jiang Liangqi, comp. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, (1980)–get their name from the Donghua men 東華門, the location of the Imperial Historiography Bureau (Guoshiguan 國史館), where the author of the first set of volumes, Jiang Liangqi 蔣良麒 (1723-1789), worked. His work covers the period from the early Qing – for which it is an extremely valuable source – through the Yongzheng reign. Though the Donghualu is less detailed than the Shilu, its value lies in Jiang’s selection of material, which does not exactly duplicate what is in the Shilu. Jiang had to be a little circumspect, however, because his work was in fact published during the Qing. His original edition was later supplemented by Wang Xianqian's 王先謙 (1847-1917) compilation on the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang periods. In the end, all these compilations were known collectively as the Shiyi chao Donghualu. Apart from these, there is the voluminous and very valuable Guangxu chao Donghualu 光緒朝東華錄 by Zhu Shoupeng 朱壽彭. All twelve were published in 1968 as the Shi'er chao donghualu 十二朝東華錄.

Official military histories (fanglüe 方略) W 66.6.1

The Qing court did not leave the writing of history entirely to later generations. In a small office in the same courtyard across from the Grand Council, the Qianlong emperor established the Military History Office (Fanglüe guan 方略館, Ma bodogon-i bithe kuren) in 1749. Here ministers, clerks, and even generals would gather to work in their spare time (the office had no permanent personnel, it seems) on an account of the military campaign just concluded; at their disposal they had the full array of primary documents one would expect and they had a first-hand familiarity with the events they were writing about. Compiling such a history so soon after the fact naturally imposed certain limitations, but there is no denying the detailed content of these chronologically arranged volumes, of which more than 25 were compiled (some are called fanglüe, meaning “strategy,” others jilüe 紀略) and published during the Qing. The earliest one, Pingding sanni fanglüe 平定三逆方略, was written in 1682 to record Kangxi’s campaigns against the Three Feudatories; but the lion’s share was produced by the Qianlong court.

Pingding shuomo fanglüe 欽定平定朔漠方略. Onda, comp. 48 juan. 1718. Numerous reprints.

An important source for the study of the war with Galdan; should be used together with the Kangxi palace memorials. HYL has two copies of the Manchu version (upon which the Chinese version was based), both incomplete.

Qinding jiaobu Linqing nifei jilüe 欽定剿捕臨清逆匪紀略. Šuhede et al., comps. Qianlong period edition.

This is the imperial account of the suppression of Wang Lun's 1774 uprising in Linqing, Shandong. (See Susan Naquin's book on rebellion in Shandong for an account using these sources.) This work is collected in the following collectanea.

Qingchu xijian fanglüe sizhong huibian 清初稀見方略四種彙編. 3 vols. Beijing: Xinhua Shudian, 1993.

Included 4 kinds of fanglüe produced during the Kangxi reign, printed in facsimile. They are: 1) Pingding Cha-ha-er fanglüe xiaobu 平定察哈尔方略校补, 2) Pingding san ni fanglüe 平定三逆方略, 3) Pingding haikou fanglüe 平定海寇方略, 4) Pingding shuo mo fanglüe 平定朔漠方略. Note that of these, the Pingding haikou fanglue was the only one not included in the Siku quanshu.

Huang Qing kaiguo fanglüe 皇清開國方略. Agūi et al., comps. 32 juan. Imperial preface of 1786.

This is the official Qing account of the rise of the Manchus before 1644. Agūi was one of the most prominent officials of the Qianlong era; his name on the volume lent it tremendous authority when it was published. There is a German translation of large parts of this by Erich Hauer under the same title but romanized as Huang Ts'ing K'ai kuo Fang lüeh.

Pingding Zhun-ga-er fanglüe 平定準噶爾方略. 4 vols. Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe, 2002.

This is the official account of Qianlong's campaign against the Zungars, from 1755-1757. It has been used in a number of secondary works, most recently in Peter Perdue's China Marches West.

Ping Tai jilüe 平臺紀略. Lan Dingyuan, ed. 1723. Numerous reprints. Also available online at Academia Sinica.

Qing general Lan Dingyuan's account of suppressing the Zhu Yigui rebellion on Taiwan in 1721-1723.

Qinding pingding Taiwan jilüe 欽定平定臺灣紀略. Numerous reprints. Also available online at Academia Sinica.

The official account of the suppression of the Lin Shuangwen rebellion on Taiwan from 1786-1788; one of Qianlong's ten great campaigns.

Qinding pingding qisheng fanglüe 欽定平定七省方略. Yi-xin et al., eds. 1152 v. Reprints by Chengwen chubanshe, 80 v., 1968

This series was compiled by Yi-xin and others during the Guangxu period. They contain 欽定勦平捻匪方略, 欽定平定回匪方略, 欽定平定苗匪方略, 欽定平定陜甘新疆回匪方略, and 欽定勦平粤匪方略.

Guoli gugong bowuyuan diancang zhuanandang ji fanglüe congbian: Jin chuan dang 國立故宮博物院典藏專案檔暨方略叢編:金川檔. Feng Mingzhu et al, eds. 6 v.

Correspondences pertaining to the second military campaign against the tribal peoples in Jinchuan, western Sichuan (1771-1776), another one of the Qianlong emperor's "ten victorious campaigns" 十全武功.

Qin ding Kuo-er-ka ji lue 欽定廓爾喀紀略. Compiled by Bao-tai et al. 32 v. 1795.

This is the official chronological account of the campaigns the Qing launched to defeat the second Gurkha offensive into Tibet in the early 1790s. Consisting of a large number of memorials, edicts, and other types of official documents dated from 1791 to 1794, this is the final set of military archives of the "Ten Great Campaigns" fought during the reign of the Qianlong emperor.

Qinding pingding Huijiang chaoqin niyi fanglüe 欽定平定回疆剿擒逆裔方略. Compiled by Cao Zhengyong. 80 juan. Taipei: Weihai Chubanshe repr., 1972.

This is the military history of the pacification of the Muslim region and the extermination of the rebel's posterity. It was compiled by Cao Zhengyong (1755-1835) during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor.

Selected bibliography

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