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The Imperiia Project: a spatial history of the Russian Empire

List of map layers

Regions. Officials - particularly statisticians - began grouping provinces into regions in the middle of the 19th century. Toggle this layer on to see the boundaries. Zoom in or click to see the region labels.
Share (%) of total livestock population. Animals were not evenly distributed across the empire. Find out which provinces had the greatest share of the total.
Share (%) of total population of selected animal. Find out which provinces had the greatest share of the animal of your choosing.
Shares of all animals present as % of provincial livestock population. A province might have the highest concentration of the total cattle population and yet cattle might make up a small % of the livestock of that province. This layer gets at the latter measure.
Population of selected animal as % of provincial livestock population. This will show you the prevalence of the animal of your choosing at the provincial level.
European Space Agency WorldCover 2020 Land Cover. Use this layer to get a sense of what the land looks like now. How much do you think it has changed over time?

This page is referenced by:

Counting Sheep... and Camels 62 How animals shaped the farmlands of the empire plain 2024-05-06T14:48:43-04:00 02-14-2024
Animals shaped the farmlands of the empire.
See what we mean by exploring a livestock census compiled by the tsarist government between the years 1864 and 1867. You will find population counts for the eight most prominent agricultural animals in the region (cattle, reindeer, goats, horses, ordinary sheep, fine-fleeced sheep, swine, and camels) across 49 provinces. The data - read all about it here - offers invaluable insight into the geography, demographics, and economy of the Russian Empire.

If you prefer a full screen view (which gives the maps more room to spread out), open a new window. Getting the most out of the data will require some digging/toggling. Don't forget to consult the notes in the collapsible sidebar. And remember, you can always refresh your browser to reset.

Tips for using the dashboard
- Left (collapsible) panel: Contains information about the primary source and a link to the data download page.
- Bottom panel: Bar chart showing total livestock counts by province. Clicking a bar will select the corresponding province in both maps. Click that area on Map #1 for a popup window with a graph of the share of the total population of each animal present in the highlighted province. Map #2 will also highlight the selected province. Click anywhere on the bottom panel to reset the maps.
- Choice bar in the top right corner: Choose one or more provinces from the drop-down menu to shift the map views. Use the “Choose an animal” tool to see how prevalent the selected animal was within the livestock population of each province (Map #2).
- Map #2: Click to reveal province-level information in a pop-up window.
- Both maps contain 4 layers. Toggle them off/on by clicking on the “layers” button in the top right corner of each map.
- Zoom in and out of each map with the mouse wheel.
- To go back to the default map view, press the “home” button in the top right corner of each map, or refresh your browser.
Consult the list of map layers
Questions to get you started
- What are the quantities of different kinds of livestock within this region of the Russian Empire?
- How are different types of livestock proportionally distributed across the provinces? What are the possible explanations for variation in distribution?
- Which regions of the empire are the most (and least) uniform in terms of shares of the total livestock population?
Curious to learn more?
Read an short excerpt from Industries of Russia (a great primary source to contrast with the dashboard data!).

Try Andy Bruno's article, “A Tale of Two Reindeer: Pastoralism and Preservation in the Soviet Arctic.” (Region 6, no. 2 (2017): 251–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26377321.) Need a teaser?
How did wild reindeer gain the upper hoof over a group of skilled hunters and herders?
Or, find out what tsarist officials wanted the rest of the world - at least those who attended the World Fair in Chicago - to know about Russian livestock by consulting volume 3 of The Industries of Russia published in St. Petersburg by the Department of Trade and Manufacture of the Imperial Ministry of Finance in 1893. As this quote shows, officials were keeping tabs on each other across continents and oceans.
...the low fertility of the soil in many localities of Russia, the considerable area under woodland, bog, and marshy plains, the severity of the climate, the necessity of keeping the stock on winter feed during a long period, and many other circumstances which hinder the development of herding, explain why the number of live stock to a given area of land is so small compared to that of other countries of Western Europe, and especially to that of the United States.
And don't take our word for how many camels were ambling around: download the data and see for yourself!
Project Team
Kelly O'Neill; Olga Kiyan; Paul Vădan

Publication date: 14 February 2024