The Imperiia ProjectMain MenuResearch Dashboardsmaps, visualizations, and moreVeles: The Data CatalogOngoing ProjectsThe MapMaker PodcastEvery story starts somewhere.Teach with MapsGalleriesKelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5The Imperiia Project // Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University
12025-03-10T16:57:58-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225pastila (пастила)14A whipped, oven-dried fruit paste usually made from apples. Or, in the words of the Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, "an ethereal fruit confection that is one of Russia’s oldest sweets, likely dating back to the fourteenth century. It originated as a way to preserve the apple harvest by cooking tart, pectin-rich apples until soft, then sieving them into a purée dried slowly in the oven."plain2025-03-19T13:15:45-04:00generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025. Reference image: https://kolomnapastila.ru/Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:05:58-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225chocolate (шоколад)7In perhaps the most underwhelming definition we have ever seen, "chocolate" is defined (by most standard dictionaries) as a food product made from the culture of cacao. Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homemade_Chocolates_01.jpgplain2025-03-13T13:04:48-04:00generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:10:19-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225cookie (pechenye, печенье)4The Oxford English Dictionary explains that "cookie" is the term in North American for "flat, sweet, crisp or chewy items known outside of North America as biscuits." See the reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cookies_made_by_students_of_Baozhong_Junior_High_School_at_the_culinary_class_20121123.jpgplain2025-03-13T12:53:23-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:05:11-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225sponge cake (бисквит)4A small round cake from dough. Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_sponge.jpgplain2025-03-13T13:28:49-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:06:24-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225candy (konfeta, конфета)4Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Candy_6577.jpgplain2025-03-13T13:30:20-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:08:35-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225lokum (Turkish delight)4A thick, transparent jelly made of starch, sugar, water, and a wide variety of flavorings, such as fruits, nuts, mastic, and rosewater. Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lokum_auf_der_Messe_Bremen_02.JPGplain2025-03-13T13:31:27-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:09:18-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225marmalade (мармелад)4"a chunky, sweet-sharp, semi-liquid jelly laced with chopped Seville (bitter) orange peels" (Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets). Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_marmalade-3.jpgplain2025-03-13T13:33:46-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:09:39-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225montpensier (монпенсье)4caramel-based candy or lollipopplain2025-03-13T13:38:41-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:12:11-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225preserves (варенье)4Fruit cooked with sugar to create jam, jelly, conserve, syrup, compote, or curd. Reference image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glaswithvarenie.JPGplain2025-03-13T13:42:24-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:05:32-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225caramel (карамель)3In the words of the Oxford Companion, "small sweets created by cooking glucose, sugar, and milk or cream together with butter and flavoring to yield a confection that is opaque, medium brown in color, and with a texture that ranges from soft to medium-hard and chewy." Reference image: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11310970plain2025-03-13T13:02:05-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:08:14-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225halva (халва)3A confection in many varieties made in which tahini, sugar, sesame seeds and soapwort are common ingredients. Reference image: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183599plain2025-03-13T13:46:50-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
12025-03-10T15:13:12-04:00Olive Colesfb4fbcee067a941cdd754bb445e31c29ce94b225wafers (вафли)2"thin, crisp sheets made by cooking batter between flat metal plates" (so says the Oxford Companion). Reference image:plain2025-03-13T13:15:16-04:00Generated by Open AI DALL-E Image Generator, version 4o, 2025Kelly O'Neilldc20b45f1d74122ba0d654d19961d826c5a557f5
