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• 1 2022-05-06T15:56:43-04:00 Sweet Things: Confectioners, Chocolatiers, and a Spoonful of Economic Geography 121 Because everyone should know where to find the gingerbread-bakers. plain 2025-08-08T14:06:39-04:00

  It isn't easy to find chocolate in the archives.

  Then again, it wasn't easy to find chocolate in the Russian Empire. Access to sweets has always been a function of social status. And religious beliefs. And cultural practices associated with health and family. And location. And soil quality. And the availability of steam engines. (You didn't see that one coming, did you!)
  
  Most people see confections as a sidenote in the broader history of production, which focuses on the heavy-hitters of the economy: iron, steel, and textiles. But sweet things, filled as they are with cream and sugar and butter and fruit, matter. As Darra Goldstein points out in the introduction to the Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, "sugar was once rare, prized not only for its sweetness but also for its preservative properties." To desire sugar is to be human, but for most of history its consumption was a practice of the wealthy. In Europe, the ability of the lower classes to satisfy their craving is the story of the 19th century boom in sugar beet production. Until then, most people consumed sweets made with honey or fruit. They prepared them at home and served them on plates at the holiday table.

  A Slice of History: Industrialization in the Russian Empire

  In 1887 the Department of Trade and Manufactures, part of the Ministry of Finance, published an index of factories operating in what was known as European Russia and the Kingdom of Poland. The bulk of the volume is devoted to textile factories. The sections on timber goods, chemicals, and machinery/metals compete for a distant third place. But second place (in terms of the sheer number of factories) goes to the production of foodstuffs.
  
  If you are researching the history of confectioners and chocolatiers, or generally interested in the sweets revolution of the 19th century, this is a great place to start. The volume organizes foodstuffs into subsections for 1) flour milling, 2) cereals, 3) butter, 4) starches, 5) treacle, 6) malt, 7) pasta, gingerbread, and confections, 8) coffee and its surrogates, 9) preserved meats, 10) cheese, 11) yeast, 12) vinegar, 13) artificial mineral water and sparkling beverages. Data collection across the provinces was inconsistent, but each entry includes some combination of the following:
  • factory owner by name and social status
  • factory location by town and (sometimes) street
  • annual production measured in weight and value
  • number of workers
  • number of steam engines and mechanized parts
  • the type and quantity of goods produced.
  Thanks to this source, we can talk about 162 confection factories spread across 41 towns in 22 provinces. They employed over 5,000 workers. They produced well over 11,000 tons of confection on an annual basis: that's over 11,000 tons of cake, candy, caramel, chocolate, and cookies valued at over 10 million rubles. (The numbers are approximate because the Index included only factories producing goods worth more than 2,000 rubles per year: countless small shops produced confections in addition to those documented here. Moreover, many entries lack data on production quantity or value.) 

  Get Acquainted with 19th Century Confections

  In 1890 Il'ya Abramovich Efron and F. A. Brockhaus began publishing what would come to be known as "the" encyclopedia of the tsarist period, affectionately known (among historians, anyway) as "the Brokgaus-Efron." The Brokgaus-Efron defines confections as

  cookies and other products prepared from sugar and serving either as tasty things or as table decorations.

  Tempting as it is to delve into the history of swans made of obscene quantities of crystallized sugar, this project focuses on the more common products. Some 19th century confections will be familiar to you, but you might want to flip through our confection gallery for definitions and illustrations. We compiled this gallery using DALL-E and encourage you to look carefully and assess what generative AI seems to have gotten right (and wrong) about 19th century convections. Rest your cursor on the confection name displayed on the left to learn more.
  

  Ready to explore?

• 1 2025-04-28T10:05:58-04:00 Factory Geographies 6 plain 2025-04-28T10:13:53-04:00

  About the Data

  Files contain data on the location and production of confection factories registered in the 1887 factory census compiled by the Department of Trade and Manufacture within the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire.

  Get the Data

  Explore the Maps

  About the Primary Source

  The Index has ten divisions, each with multiple subsections. Division VIII, which lists factories producing foodstuffs, is broken down into subsections for 1) flour milling, 2) cereals, 3) butter, 4) starches, 5) treacle, 6) malt, 7) pasta, pryaniki and confections, 8) coffee and its surrogates, 9) preserved meats, 10) cheese, 11) yeast, 12) vinegar, 13) artificial mineral water and sparkling beverages. Data for the Kingdom of Poland is listed separately in the Index but integrated into the data file. According to a note on page 379, the data on flour milling and pasta/confections is incomplete: many districts, and even some whole provinces, failed to submit their reports.

  Historical Context

  In 1887 the Department of Trade and Manufactures, part of the Ministry of Finance, published an index of factories operating in what was known as European Russia and the Kingdom of Poland. The bulk of the volume is devoted to textile factories. The sections on timber goods, chemicals, and machinery/metals compete for a distant third place. But second place (in terms of the sheer number of factories) goes to the production of foodstuffs.

  Project Team

  Kelly O'Neill, Paul Vădan, Olive Coles

  Publication Date

  April 22, 2025