The Imperiia Project: a spatial history of the Russian Empire

Poland (grand duchy of Warsaw) reduced to the condition of a Russian province

Note: The Baedeker chronology pegs this development to 1866 without explanation. In the wake of the January Uprising (1863-1864), the Kingdom of Poland saw hundreds executed and tens of thousand - perhaps as many as 80,000 - exiled to Siberia. Thousands of noble estates were confiscated by the Russian government, and a period of heavy-handed Russification followed.

The decision to downgrade Poland's status was officially taken in 1874, when the region lost its semi-autonomous political and financial status and became a governor-generalship. 

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